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Toqui (from the Mapudungun toki "axe, axe-bearer") is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people) to those who are chosen as their leader during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or parliament (coyag), of the chiefs (loncos) of the various clans (Rehues) or confederation of clans (Aillarehues), allied during the war in question. The Toqui could command strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, organize them in units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until toqui was killed, deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen.
Some of the more famous Toqui in the Arauco War with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations; for instance, Lautaro introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen. Lemucaguin was the first Toqui to use firearms and artillery in battle. Nongoniel was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army. Cadeguala was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavarly to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle. Anganamon was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast moving cavalry. Lientur pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid malóns into Spanish territory.
[edit] List of Mapuche Toquis
The following Mapuche leaders were at some time named as toquis:
†Killed in battle or ††executed for rebellion or @ assassinated.
[edit] References
^ Jerónimo de Vivar, Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile, CapÃtulo LXVI ^ Vivar, Crónica..., Cap. XCV,XCVII ^ Pedro Mariño de Lobera, Crónica del Reino de Chile., Cap. XXXI ^ Diego de Rosales, Historia general de el Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, CAPÃTULO XXI ^ Rosales, Historia general ..., Tomo II, CAPÃTULO XXI ^ Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II, Book III, Chap. VIII ^ Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo, Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536-1575), CapÃtulo XLVI ^ Diego de Rosales, “Historia General del Reino de Chileâ€, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, Cap. XXX ^ Juan Ignacio Molina, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Sm4eAAAAMAAJ The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Volume II, Book IV, Chap. 1 ^ Alonso de Góngora, Historia..., CapÃtulo XLV, Cap. XXXVI ^ Diego de Rosales, Historia general de el Reyno de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II ^ Juan Ignacio Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, pg. 207-208 ^ Alonso de Góngora, Historia..., CapÃtulo XLV ^ Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, Descripcion Histórico GeografÃa del Reino de Chile, Tomo I Cap. LI ^ Juan Ignacio Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, pg. 211 ^ According to Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, CapÃtulo LI, pg. 221. ^ Carvallo,Descripcion Histórico... ^ Lobera calls him Diego DÃaz, Crónica..., Libro tercero, Parte tercera, CapÃtulo XXXII; Rosales and Carvallo call him Alonso Diaz ^ Diego de Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, CapÃtulo LI ^ Rosales, “Historia General del Reino de Chileâ€, Tomo II, CAPÃTULO LII ^ Pedro Marino de Lobera, CRÓNICA DEL REINO DE CHILE, Cap. XXXV ^ Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile ,Capitulo XIII ^ Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Tomo II, Cap. XXXII. ^ José Ignacio VÃctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, Impr. del Comercio, Valpraiso, 1850. pg. 498. ^ Gomez De Vidaurre, ColeccÃon de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional, Tomo 15, HISTORIA GEOGRÃFICA, NATURAL Y CIVIL DEL REINO DE CHILE, TOMO II CON UNA INTRODUCCIÓN BIOGRÃFICA Y NOTAS POR J. T. MEDINA, IMPRENTA ERCILLA, SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1889 ^ Diego de Rosales, Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano, Tomo II ^ Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, El Cautiverio Feliz; Juan Ignacio Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili ^ Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, Descripcion histórico-jeográfica del Reino de Chile, TOMO I; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÃA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878 ^ Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile Tomo III, CAPITULO XXVII ^ Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa, HISTORIA DE CHILE (1492-1717)
[edit] Sources
Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II., Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1809 José Ignacio VÃctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830 List of Toquis, pg. 162-163, 498-500.
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