System time
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In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passing of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar.
System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the epoch at 1970-01-01 00:00:00 Z. Microsoft Windows counts the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1601-01-01 00:00:00 Z as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar, but returns the current time to the nearest millisecond.
System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time that is 1,000,000,000 seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 2001-09-09 01:46:40 UTC (sans leap seconds). Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for timezones, Daylight Saving Time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times.
Closely related to system time is process time, which is a count of the total CPU time consumed by an executing process. It may be split into user and system CPU time, representing the time spent executing user code and system kernel code, respectively. Process times are a tally of CPU instructions or clock cycles and generally have no direct correlation to wall time.
File systems keep track of the times that files are created, modified, and/or accessed by storing timestamps in the file control block (or inode) of each file and directory.
It should be noted that most first-generation PCs did not keep track of dates and times. These included systems that ran the CP/M operating system, the Apple II, and the Commodore PET, among others. The IBM PC was the first widely available personal computer that came equipped with date/time hardware built into the motherboard, and subsequent add-on peripheral boards included real-time clock chips with on-board battery back-up. Prior to the widespread availability of computer networks, most personal computer systems that did track system time did so only with respect to local time and did not make allowances for other time zones.
With current technology, all modern computers keep track of wall time, as do many other household and personal devices such as VCRs, DVRs, cable TV receivers, PDAs, pagers, cell phones, fax machines, telephone answering machines, cameras, camcorders, central air conditioners, and microwave ovens.
[edit] Retrieving system time
The following tables illustrate methods for retrieving the system time in various operating systems and programming languages. Note: values marked by (*) are system-dependent and may differ across implementations.
(VisualWorks) 1 sec (ANSI)
1 μsec (VisualWorks)
1 sec (Squeak) 1901-01-01 (*)
(Squeak)
(Chronos)
System.DateTime.UtcNow[6] 100 nsec [7] 0001-01-01 to 9999-12-31
[edit] References
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
Clock · Horology · History of timekeeping devices · Astrarium · Marine chronometer · Sundial · Water clock
Calendar · Day · Week · Month · Year · Tropical year · Julian · Gregorian · Islamic
Astronomical · Julian · Gregorian · Islamic · Lunisolar · Solar · Lunar · Epact · Intercalation · Leap year
