18th century
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Centuries: 17th century · 18th century · 19th century
Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Establishments – Disestablishments
The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini/Common Era numbering system.
However, historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.[1][2] To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815[3] or even later.[4]
Contents
1 Events
1.1 1700–1709 1.2 1710s 1.3 1720s 1.4 1730s 1.5 1740s 1.6 1750s 1.7 1760s 1.8 1770s 1.9 1780s 1.10 1790s
2 Significant people
2.1 World leaders, politicians, military 2.2 Show business, theatre, entertainers 2.3 Musicians, composers 2.4 Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers 2.5 Writers, poets 2.6 Philosophers, theologians 2.7 Scientists, researchers
3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Literary achievements 5 References 6 Decades and years[edit] Events
[edit] 1700–1709
1700: Bridge of the Gods forms across the Columbia River. 1700-21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War. 1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe.[5] 1701-1702: The Daily Courant and the The Norwich Post becomes the first daily newspapers in England. 1702: Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan. 1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion in France. 1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918. 1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy. 1704: End of Japan's Genroku period. 1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.[6] 1707: After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it. 1707: Mount Fuji erupts in Japan. 1707: War of 27 years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India. 1708-1709: Famine killed one-third of East Prussia's population. 1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merged to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies. 1709: Hotaki dynasty founded in Afghanistan. 1709: Charles XII of Sweden flees to Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava.
[edit] 1710s
1710-1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War 1713-1714: Tarabai establishes rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu. 1714: Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain. 1715: First Jacobite rebellion breaks out 1715: Louis XIV dies, leaving France deep in debt. 1715: Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible. 1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the India Pakistan border. 1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French in North America 1718: Blackbeard is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island 1718-1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire 1719: Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails.
[edit] 1720s
1720: The South Sea Bubble 1720: Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition from Mexico and travel into the Great Plains 1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille 1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto). 1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War. 1721: Kangxi Emperor bans Christian Missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree. 1721: Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church 1722: Afghans conquered Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty. 1722: Kangxi Emperor of China died. 1722: Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast. 1722–23: Russo-Persian War 1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood's halfpence leads to the Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement. 1723: Slavery abolished in Russia. Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs.[7] 1723–1730: The "Great Disaster" - an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars. 1725: The Fulani nomads took complete control of Fuuta Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.[8] 1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper-based Chinese movable type printing. 1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War 1729–1735: Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin the Methodism in England
[edit] 1730s
1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after civilian unrest. 1730-1760: First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America. 1732-1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.[9] 1733-1738: War of the Polish Succession. 1735-1739: Russo-Turkish War. 1735-1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory. 1736: Nadir Shah assumed title of Shah of Persia and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Ruled until his death in 1747. 1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival. 1738-1756: Famine across the Sahel, half the population of Timbuktu died.[10] 1738: Pope Clement XII issues the Eminenti Apostolatus Specula prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons. 1739: Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals and sacked Delhi. 1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.
[edit] 1740s
1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia. 1740: British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine. 1740-1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population. 1740-1748: War of the Austrian Succession 1741: Russians began settling the Aleutian Islands. 1741: Pope Benedict XIV issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery. 1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.[11] 1744: French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails 1744-1748: The First Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India. 1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion began by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland. 1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire in modern day Afghanistan. 1748: Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War. 1748-1754: The Second Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India
[edit] 1750s
1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age 1754: Treaty of Pondicherry ends Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic. 1754–1763, The French and Indian War, Fought in the U.S. and Canada mostly between the French and French allies and the English and English allies. The North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. 1755: The Lisbon earthquake 1756-1763: Seven Years' War fought among European powers in various theaters around the world. 1756-1763: The Third Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India. 1757: Battle of Plassey signaled the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company. 1758: British colonel James Wolfe issues the Wolfe's Manifesto 1759: French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
[edit] 1760s
1760: George III became King of Britain. 1760: Zand dynasty founded in Iran 1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat 1762-1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia. 1763: Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War 1763: Kingdom of Mysore conquers the Kingdom of Keladi 1765: Stamp Act introduced into the American colonies by the UK Parliament. 1766-1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars 1767: Burmese conquered the Ayutthaya kingdom. 1768: Gurkhas conquered Nepal. 1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War 1769: Spanish missionaries established the first of 21 missions in California. 1769-1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia 1769-1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 killed one third of the Bengal population.
[edit] 1770s
1770: James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia (New South Wales) for Great Britain. 1770-1771: Famine in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands. 1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow. 1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état and takes big political power, becoming almost an absolute monarch. 1772: Partitions of Poland marks the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1772-1779: Maratha Empire fights England and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War 1772-1795: The Partitions of Poland ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and erased Poland from the map for 123 years. 1773-1775: The Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history. 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle Opium into China. 1775 John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 Marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his Second voyage (1772-1775) 1775-1782: First Anglo-Maratha War 1775-1783: American Revolutionary War 1776: United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress. 1778: James Cook becomes first European on the Hawaiian Islands. 1779-1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in South African Republic
[edit] 1780s
1781: Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles. 1781-1785: Serfdom abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848) 1783: Famine in Iceland caused by Laki (volcano) eruption. 1783: Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate. 1783 The treaty of Paris formally ends the American War of Independence. 1785-1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against the Russian invaders.[12] 1785-1795: Northwest Indian War between the United States and Native Americans 1787: Freed slaves from London founded Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone. 1787: Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu. 1787-1792: Russo-Turkish War 1788: First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney. 1789: George Washington elected President of the United States. Served until 1797. 1789: Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis. 1789-1799: The French Revolution
[edit] 1790s
1790: Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact 1791 The Constitutional Act (Or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America. 1791-1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition. 1791-1804: The Haitian Revolution 1792-1815: The Great French War started as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars. 1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board founded. 1792: King Gustav III of Sweden was assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen. 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery. 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population.[13] 1793-1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution. 1794: Polish revolt 1794: Jay's Treaty concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western Posts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S., and commerce between the two countries is regulated. 1794: Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty. 1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain granted the Mississippi Territory to the US. 1795: The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French national anthem. 1795: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu.[14] 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination. Smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs).[15] 1796: Battle of Montenotte. Engagement in the War of the First Coalition. Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander. 1796: British ejected Dutch from Ceylon. 1796: Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa. 1796-1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China. 1797: Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ended over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic. 1798: The Irish Rebellion failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland. 1798-1800: Quasi-War between the United States and France. 1799: Napoleon staged a coup d'état and became dictator of France. 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved. 1799: The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.
[edit] Significant people
[edit] World leaders, politicians, military
- See also: Founding Fathers of the United States
John Adams, American statesman Samuel Adams, American statesman Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King Ahmed III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Hyder Ali, Ruler of Mysore Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary Army Anne, Queen of Great Britain Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France Augustus III, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Lithuania Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor Boromakot, King of Ayutthaya Boromaracha V, King of Ayutthaya William Cavendish, Anglo-Irish politician John Carteret, Anglo-Irish politician Catherine the Great, Tsaritsa of Russia Charles III, King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily Charles VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary Charles XII, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends; Charlotte Corday, French revolutionary Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader Farrukhsiyar, Emperor of Mughal Ferdinand I, King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two Sicilies Benjamin Franklin, American leader, scientist and statesman Juan Franscisco, Spanish naval officer and explorer Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends Frederick the Great, King of Prussia George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland Robert Gray, American revolutionary, merchant, and explorer Gustav III, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends Gyeongjong, King of Joseon Dynasty Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire Alexander Hamilton, American statesman Patrick Henry, American statesman Emperor Higashiyama, Emperor of Japan John Jay, American statesman Thomas Jefferson, American statesman Jeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty John Paul Jones, American naval commander Joseph I, King of Portugal Joseph II, Austrian Emperor Kangxi Emperor, Chinese Emperor Karim Khan, Shah of Iran and King of Persia Marquis de Lafayette, Continental Army officer Louis XIV, King of France Louis XV, King of France Louis XVI, King of France Louis XVII, imprisoned King of France, never ruled James Madison, American statesman Madhavrao I, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire Madhavrao I Scindia, Marathan leader Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer George Mason, American statesman Michikinikwa, Miami chief and warrior José Moñino y Redondo, Spanish statesman Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French officer Mustafa III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire Nadir Shah, King of Persia Nakamikado, Emperor of Japan Horatio Nelson, British admiral Nanasaheb, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire Shivappa Nayaka, King of Keladi Nayaka Osman III, Sultan of Ottaman Empire Peter I (Peter the Great), Tsar of Russian Philip V, King of Spain Pontiac, Ottawa chief and warrior Qianlong, Emperor of China Rajaram II of Satara, Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy Francis II Rákóczi, Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leader Tadeusz Rejtan</