1860s

Millennia: 2nd millennium

Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century

Decades: 1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s

Years: 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864
1865 1866 1867 1868 1869

Categories: Births - Deaths - Architecture
Establishments - Disestablishments

[edit] Events and trends

The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was completed in 1869. The Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869.

Alfred Nobel creates dynamite in Germany James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel's laws of inheritance, the basis for genetics Dimitri Mendeleev develops the modern periodic table Helium was first detected during the total solar eclipse of August 18, 1868 in parts of India. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a spectroscope was used. J. Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's prominences. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.

Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870). American Civil War fought between the remaining United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis (April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865). Beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson (1865 - 1869). French occupation of Mexico (1863 - 1867). Replacement of President of Mexico Benito JuÃ¡rez (1861 - 1863) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (1863 - 1864) and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (1864 - 1867). Benito JuÃ¡rez eventually manages to recover his position (1867 - 1872). Meiji Restoration in Japan (1866 - 1869). Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shoguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor. A series of reforms follows. The samurai class fails to survive while the Daimyo turn to politics. The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act - July 1, 1867 President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 15, 1865. Florence Nightingale founds school for nurses in 1860. On 18 October 1860 the first Convention of Peking formally ended the Second Opium War. On 19 July 1864 the Nanjing fallen down formally ended 14 years the Taiping Rebellionâ€Ž.

In Catholicism, reaction against [[higher

]] is formed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, paving the way for Association football to become the world's predominant spectator sport

The Seventh-day Adventist Church becomes officially established in 1863 in Battle Creek, Michigan. BahÃ¡'u'llÃ¡h declares his station as "One who was made Manifest", in the Garden of RidvÃ¡n, as foretold by the BÃ¡b. BahÃ¡'Ãs see this as the beginning date of the BahÃ¡'Ã Faith. The Christian Mission, later renamed The Salvation Army, is co-founded by William and Catherine Booth in London, England in 1865.

The London Fire Brigade was established in 1865.

Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace. Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment. Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Impressionism went public.