Editing DVD

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{{Expand|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox media
|name = DVD
|logo = 
|image = [[Image:DVD.png|250px|DVD-R read/write side]]
|created = 1995
|caption =
|type = [[Optical disc]]
|encoding =
|capacity = ~4.7 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single-sided single-layer), ~8.54 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single-sided double-layer)
|read = 650 nm laser, 10.5&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] (1Ã—)
|write = 10.5&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] (1Ã—)
|standard =
|owner =
|use = Data storage, video, audio, games
|extended from =
|extended to =
}}

'''DVD''' (also known as "'''Digital Versatile Disc'''" or "'''Digital Video Disc'''" - see [[DVD#Etymology|Etymology]])

is a popular [[optical disc]] [[data storage device|storage]] media format. Its main uses are [[video]] and [[data]] storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs ([[CD]]s) but store more than six times as much data.

Variations of the term ''DVD'' often describe the way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM has data which can only be read and not written, [[DVD-R]] and [[DVD+R]] can only record data once and then function as a DVD-ROM. [[DVD-RW]], [[DVD+RW]] and [[DVD-RAM]] can both record and erase data multiple times. The wavelength used by standard DVD lasers is 650 nm<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-6349-1047035.html|title=Build Your Skills: A comparison between DVD and CD-ROM}}</ref>, and thus has a [[red]] color.

[[DVD-Video]] and [[DVD-Audio]] discs respectively refer to properly formatted and structured video and audio content. Other types of DVDs, including those with video content, may be referred to as DVD-Data discs. As next generation [[High definition]] optical formats also use a disc identical in some aspects yet more advanced than a DVD, such as [[Blu-ray Disc]], the original DVD is occasionally given the [[retronym]] SD DVD (for ''standard definition'').<ref>[http://www.media.utah.edu/dvdworkshop/ DVD-Workshop: University of Utah] and elsewhere, e.g. as the ''SD export preset'' for standard definition DVDs in [[Final Cut Pro]].</ref><ref>[http://www.macworld.com/article/132446/2008/03/toast9.html].</ref>

== History ==
{{Optical disc authoring}}

In 1993, two high-density optical storage formats were being developed; one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]], and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by [[Toshiba]], [[Time Warner]], [[Matsushita Electric]], [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[Mitsubishi Electric]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Thomson SA|Thomson]], and [[JVC]].

Representatives of the SD camp approached [[International Business Machines|IBM]], asking for advice on the file system to use for their disk as well as looking for support for their format for storing computer data. A researcher from IBM's [[Almaden Research Center]] received that request, and also learned of the MMCD development project. Wary of being caught in a repeat of the costly videotape format war between [[VHS]] and [[Betamax]] of the 1980s, he convened a group of computer industry experts (including representatives from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Microsoft]], [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]], [[Dell]], and many others); this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. The TWG voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard.<ref>{{cite web |title=E-commerce and Video Distribution:DVD and Blu-ray |url=http://ecommerceandvideodistributiondvd.blogspot.com/}}</ref> [[Lou Gerstner]], President of IBM, was recruited to apply pressure on the executives of the warring factions. Eventually, the computer companies won the day, and a single format, now called DVD, was agreed upon. The TWG also collaborated with the [[Optical Storage Technology Association]] (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system, known as [[Universal Disk Format]] (UDF), for use on the new DVDs.

Philips and Sony abandoned their MultiMedia Compact Disc and agreed upon a spec mostly similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc except for the dual-layer option (MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer whereas SD was single-layer but optionally double-sided) and [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation|EFMPlus]] modulation. EFMPlus was chosen as it has a great resilience against disc damage such as scratches and fingerprints. EFMPlus, created by [[Kees A. Schouhamer Immink|Kees Immink]], who also designed [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation|EFM]], is 6% less efficient than the modulation technique originally used by Toshiba, which resulted in a capacity of 4.7&nbsp;GB as opposed to the original 5&nbsp;GB. The result was the DVD specification, finalized for the DVD movie player and DVD-ROM computer applications in December 1995. The DVD-Video format was introduced first, in 1996, in Japan, to the United States in March 1997 (Test Marketed), mid-late 1998 in Europe and early 1999 in Australia. In May 1997, the [[DVD Consortium]] was replaced by the [[DVD Forum]], which is open to all other companies. <ref name="uni_PR">{{cite press release |title=DVD Format Unification |publisher=Toshiba |date=December 8, 1995 |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_12/pr0802.htm |accessdate=2007-07-12 }}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
"DVD" was originally used as an [[Acronym and initialism|initialism]] for the unofficial term "digital visual disc".<ref>{{cite web
|title=A Battle for Influence Over Insatiable Disks
|publisher=New York Times
|date=[[1995-01-11]]
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDA143CF932A25752C0A963958260
|accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> It was reported in 1995, at the time of the specification finalization, that the letters officially stood for "digital versatile disc" (due to non-video applications).<ref>{{cite web
|title=DVD designers go with AC-3 Final specs for 'digital versatile disc'...
|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter
|date=[[1995-12-11]]
|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/h/login/login_subscribe.jsp?id=EhTA1werc%2F8oJkXd3AvIhVqJMQ%2BEsnoUjFFnmSZpudrVtJLf7Nv3guKhcy0wXloTw1ec8wBZwjOB%0A62XN0BJm24K0G1zDvlaa2k6JKCFzE7ePjrRq%2BP7fzOttoVmmk0ji0Ak9XMyUDOLcVVHvY1YAAu7R%0A9%2FWEig9DTbEWMSZ81VibQ8Yr05&nbsp;cHz6%2BtV7gQyZ7v2cr1AiqljrxXu9IdD%2FTDqGSb8vhhZNMn6q9G%0Aegam8cJXu9IdD%2FTDqOmFpnXV7XcQIVOkoLrk6Bs%3D
|accessdate=2007-04-16}}</ref> However, the text of the press release announcing the specification finalization only refers to the technology as "DVD", making no mention of what (if anything) the letters stood for.<ref name="uni_PR"/> A newsgroup [[Frequently Asked Questions|FAQ]] written by Jim Taylor (a prominent figure in the industry) claims that four years later, in 1999, the DVD Forum stated that the format name was simply the three letters "DVD" and did not stand for anything.<ref>{{cite web
|title=DVD FAQ
|publisher=DVD Demystified
|date=[[2006-09-12]]
|url=http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#1.1
|accessdate=}}</ref>

The official DVD specification documents have never defined DVD. Usage in the present day varies, with "DVD", "Digital Video Disc", and "Digital Versatile Disc" being the most common.

The [[DVD Forum]] website has a section called "DVD Primer" in which the answer to the question, "What does DVD mean?" reads, "The keyword is 'versatile.' Digital Versatile Discs provide superb video, audio and data storage and access -- all on one disc."<ref>{{cite web
|title=DVD Primer
|publisher=DVD Forum
|date=2004-11-14
|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1
|accessdate=2008-01-23}}
</ref>

== DVD capacity ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Capacity and nomenclature<ref>[http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_A/Specs.html Physical parameters]</ref><ref>[http://www.cinram.com/dvd/tech/dvdindetail.pdf DVD in Detail]</ref>
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Designation
!rowspan="2"| Sides !!rowspan="2"| Layers (total) !! Diameter !!colspan="2"| Capacity 
|-
! (cm) !! ([[Gigabyte|GB]]) !!align=right| ([[Gibibyte|GiB]])
|-
| DVD-1<ref>[http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.3 Dvd Faq]</ref> ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL
| align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 8 || align="right" | 1.46 || align="right" | 1.36
|-
| DVD-2 ||title="single-sided, double-layer"| SS DL
| align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 8 || align="right" | 2.66 || align="right" | 2.47
|-
| DVD-3 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL
| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 8 || align="right" | 2.92 || align="right" | 2.72

|-
| DVD-4 ||title="double-sided, double-layer"| DS DL
| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 4 || align="right" | 8 || align="right" | 5.32 || align="right" | 4.95
|-
| DVD-5 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL
| align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 4.70 || align="right" | 4.37
|-
| DVD-9 ||title="single-sided, double-layer"| SS DL
| align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 8.54 || align="right" | 7.95
|-
| DVD-10 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL
| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 9.40 || align="right" | 8.74
|-
| DVD-14<ref>{{cite web|title=DVD-14|publisher=AfterDawn Ltd.|url=http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/dvd-14.cfm|accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref> ||title="double-sided, double- and single-layer"| DS DL/SL
| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 13.24 || align="right" | 12.32 
|-
| DVD-18 ||title="double-sided, double-layer"| DS DL
| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 4 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 17.08 || align="right" | 15.90
|}

The basic types of DVD are referred to by a rough approximation of their capacity in gigabytes.

The 12&nbsp;cm type is a standard DVD, and the 8&nbsp;cm variety is known as a [[MiniDVD|mini-DVD]].  These are the same sizes as a standard CD and a [[mini CD|mini-CD]], respectively. The capacity by surface (MiB/cmÂ²)differs from 6.92MiB/cmÂ² in the DVD-1 to 18.0 MiB/cmÂ² in the DVD-18

'''Note:''' As with hard disk drives, in the DVD realm [[gigabyte]] and the symbol GB are usually used in the [[SI]] sense, i.e. 109 (or 1,000,000,000) bytes. For distinction, [[gibibyte]] with symbol GiB is used, i.e. 230 (or 1,073,741,824) bytes. Most computer operating systems display file sizes in gibibytes, [[mebibyte]]s and [[kibibyte]]s labeled as gigabyte, megabyte and kilobyte respectively.

Each DVD sector contains 2418 bytes of data, 2048 bytes of which are user data.
[[Image:Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png|thumb|Size comparison: A 12&nbsp;cm [[DVD+RW]] and a 19&nbsp;cm [[pencil]].]]

There is a small difference in storage space between â€˜+â€™ and â€˜-â€™ formats:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Capacity differences of writable DVD formats
! Type || Sectors || Bytes || GB || GiB
|-style="text-align:right;"|
| DVDâˆ’R SL || 2,298,496 || 4,707,319,808 || 4.71 || 4.384
|-style="text-align:right;"|
| DVD+R SL || 2,295,104 || 4,700,372,992 || 4.70 || 4.378
|-style="text-align:right;"|
| DVDâˆ’R DL || 4,171,712 || 8,543,666,176 || 8.54 || 7.957
|-style="text-align:right;"|
| DVD+R DL || 4,173,824 || 8,547,991,552 || 8.55 || 7.961
|-
|}

=== Technology ===
[[Image:Dismdvd.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive.]]
DVD uses 650nm wavelength [[laser diode]] light as opposed to 780&nbsp;nm for CD or 405 nm for HD-DVD or Blu-ray Disc. This permits a smaller pit to be etched on the media surface (1.32&nbsp;Âµm for DVD versus 1.6&nbsp;Âµm for [[CD]]) compared to CDs.

Writing speeds for DVD were 1Ã—, that is 1350&nbsp;[[kilobyte|kB]]/s (1318&nbsp;[[Binary prefix|KiB]]/s), in the first drives and media models. More recent models at 18Ã— or 20Ã— have 18 or 20 times that speed. Note that for CD drives, 1Ã— means 150&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]/s (153.6&nbsp;kB/s), approximately 9 times slower.<ref>[http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html DVD FAQ]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ DVD drive speeds
!rowspan="2"| Drive speed
!colspan="2"| Data rate
!colspan="2"| ~Write time (min)
|-
! (Mibit/s) !! (MB/s)
! SL !! DL
|-style="text-align:right"
! 1Ã—
| 10.55 || 1.35 || 61 ||107
|-style="text-align:right"
! 2Ã—
| 21.09 || 2.70 || 30 || 54
|-style="text-align:right"
!2.6Ã—
| 27.43 || 3.51 || 24 || 42
|-style="text-align:right"
! 4Ã—
| 42.19 || 5.40 || 15 || 27
|-style="text-align:right"
! 6Ã—
| 63.30 || 8.10 || 11 || 18
|-style="text-align:right"
! 8Ã—
| 84.38 ||10.80 || 8 || 14
|-style="text-align:right"
! 12Ã—
|126.60 ||16.20 || 6 || 11
|-style="text-align:right"
! 16Ã—
|168.75 ||21.60 || 4 || 7
|-style="text-align:right"
! 18Ã—
|189.90 ||24.30 || 3 || 5
|-style="text-align:right"
! 20Ã—
|211.00 ||27.00 || 3 || 4
|}

== DVD recordable and rewritable ==
{{main|DVD recordable}}
[[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for back-up and transport.

DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: DVD-[[DVD-R|R]]/[[DVD-RW|RW]] (minus/dash), DVD+[[DVD+R|R]]/[[DVD+RW|RW]] (plus), [[DVD-RAM]].

== Dual layer recording ==
Dual Layer recording allows [[DVD-R]] and [[DVD+R]] discs to store significantly more data, up to 8.5 [[gigabyte]]s per side, per disc, compared with 4.7 gigabytes for single-layer discs. [[DVD-R DL]] was developed for the DVD Forum by [[Pioneer Corporation]], [[DVD+R DL]] was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by [[Philips]] and Mitsubishi Kagaku Media (MKM).<ref name="Dual-layer-BurnWorld">{{cite web|url=http://www.burnworld.com/howto/articles/intro-to-dual-layer.htm|title=Understanding Dual Layer DVD Recording |publisher=BurnWorld.com |author=Robert DeMoulin |accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref>

A Dual Layer disc differs from its usual DVD counterpart by employing a second physical layer within the disc itself. The drive with Dual Layer capability accesses the second layer by shining the laser through the first semi-transparent layer. The layer change can exhibit a noticeable pause in some DVD players, up to several seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hometheaterhifi.com/cgi-bin/shootout.cgi?function=search&articles=all&type=&manufacturer=0&maxprice=0&deInt=0&mpeg=0#SamsungBD-P1000%20Blu-ray/DVD%20Player%20(HDMI)|title=DVD players benchmark|publisher=hometheaterhifi.com |accessdate=2008-04-01}}</ref> This caused some viewers to worry that their dual layer discs were damaged or defective, with the end result that studios began listing a standard message explaining the dual layer pausing effect on all dual layer disc packaging.

DVD recordable discs supporting this technology are backward compatible with some existing DVD players and DVD-ROM drives.<ref name="Dual-layer-BurnWorld"/> Many current DVD recorders support dual-layer technology, and the price is now comparable to that of single-layer drives, though the blank media remains more expensive. The recording speeds reached by dual-layer media are still well below those of single-layer media.

There are two modes for dual layer orientation. With ''parallel track path'' (PTP), used on DVD-ROM, both layers start at the inside diameter (ID) and end at the outside diameter (OD) with the lead-out. With ''opposite track path'' (OTP), used on DVD-Video, the lower layer starts at the ID and the upper layer starts at the OD, where the other layer ends, they share one [[Lead-in_(CD)#Lead-In|lead-in]] and one lead-out. {{Fact|date=August 2008}}

== DVD-Video ==
{{main|DVD-Video}}

'''DVD-Video''' is a standard for storing video content on DVD media. In the U.S., mass retailer sales of DVD-Video titles and players began in late 1997.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Discount stores are a video lover's channel of choice
|publisher=''[[Discount Store News]]'' (via findarticles.com)
|date=[[1998-08-10]] |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_15_37/ai_50241583
|accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> By June 2003, weekly DVD-Video rentals began out-numbering weekly VHS cassette rentals, reflecting the rapid adoption rate of the technology in the U.S. marketplace.<ref>{{cite web
|first=Anna |last=Bakalis
|title=It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes
|publisher=''[[Washington Times]]''
|date=[[2003-06-20]] |url=http://washingtontimes.com/business/20030620-113258-1104r.htm
|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=E-commerce and Video Distribution:DVD and Blu-ray |url=http://ecommerceandvideodistributiondvd.blogspot.com/}}</ref>
Currently DVD-Video is the dominant form of home video distribution worldwide.

Though many resolutions and formats are supported, most consumer DVD-Video discs use either 4:3 or [[Anamorphic widescreen|anamorphic]] 16:9 [[aspect ratio]] [[MPEG-2]] video, stored at a resolution of 720Ã—480 ([[NTSC]]) or 720Ã—576 ([[PAL]]) at 29.97 or 25 [[framerate|FPS]]. Audio is commonly stored using the [[Dolby Digital]] (AC-3) or [[Digital Theater System]] (DTS) formats, ranging from 16-bits/48 kHz to 24-bits/96 kHz format with [[monaural]] to 7.1 channel "[[Surround Sound]]" presentation, and/or [[MPEG-1]] Layer 2. Although the specifications for video and audio requirements vary by global region and television system, many DVD players support all possible formats. DVD-Video also supports features like menus, selectable subtitles, multiple camera angles, and multiple audio tracks.

== DVD-Audio ==
{{main|DVD-Audio}}

'''DVD-Audio''' is a format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. It offers many channel configuration options (from [[monaural|mono]] to 5.1 [[surround sound]]) at various sampling frequencies (up to 24-bits/192 kHz versus [[CDDA]]s 16-bits/44.1 kHz). Compared with the CD format, the much higher capacity DVD format enables the inclusion of considerably more music (with respect to total running time and quantity of songs) and/or far higher audio quality (reflected by higher [[sampling rate]]s and greater [[bit-depth]], and/or additional channels for [[spatial sound]] reproduction).

Despite DVD-Audio's superior technical specifications, there is debate as to whether the resulting audio enhancements are distinguishable in typical listening environments. DVD-Audio currently forms a niche market, probably due to the very sort of format war with rival standard [[Super Audio CD|SACD]] that DVD-Video avoided.

=== Security ===
{{main|Content Protection for Recordable Media}}

DVD-Audio discs employ a [[copy prevention]] mechanism, called [[Content Protection for Prerecorded Media]] (CPPM) developed by the 4C group (IBM, Intel, Matsushita, and Toshiba).

To date, CPPM has not been "broken" in the sense that DVD-Video's [[Content Scramble System|CSS]] has been broken, but ways to circumvent it have been developed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/DVD-Audios-CPPM-can-be-got-around-with-a-WinDVD-patch.html|title=DVD-Audio's CPPM can be got around with a WinDVD patch|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> By modifying commercial DVD(-Audio) playback software to write the decrypted and decoded audio streams to the hard disk, users can, essentially, extract content from DVD-Audio discs much in the same way they can from DVD-Video discs.

== Competitor ==
In 2006, a new format called [[Blu-ray Disc]] (BD), designed by [[Sony]], [[Philips]], and [[Panasonic]], was released as the successor to DVD. Another format, [[HD DVD]], competed unsuccessfully with this format in the [[format war]] [[High definition optical disc format war|of 2006 to 2008]].

However, unlike previous format changes (e.g. vinyl records to compact disc, VHS videotape to DVD), there is no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD will gradually wind down, as they still dominate with around 97% of video sales and with approx: one billion DVD player sales world wide.<ref>[http://www.movieweb.com/dvd/news/20/26720.php High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=E-commerce and Video Distribution:DVD and Blu-ray |url=http://ecommerceandvideodistributiondvd.blogspot.com/}}</ref> Consumers initially were slow to adopt Blu-ray, partly due to the cost. Currently Blu-ray players are selling for $298 USD<ref>[http://www.walmart.com/catalog/product.do?product_id=9864613 Magnavox Blu-ray Disc Player NB500MG9]</ref> or more, while titles retail for as little as $9 USD or higher (but are usually higher in price than SD DVD releases)<ref>[http://www.walmart.com/catalog/product.do?product_id=10171638 10.5 Apocalypse Blu-ray Movie]</ref>. One also requires a high-definition TV and appropriate connection cables to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggest that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD is due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers are satisfied with DVDs.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_16/b3879008_mz001.htm BW Online | April 19, 2004 | Gates And Ballmer On "Making The Transition"]</ref> The DVD had succeeded because it offered a compelling alternative to VHS. In addition, Blu-ray players are designed to be [[backwards compatible]], allowing older DVDs to be played since the media are physically identical; this differed from the change from vinyl to CD and from tape to DVD which involved a complete change in physical medium.

This situation can be best compared to the changeover from [[78 rpm]] shellac recordings to 45 rpm and 33 1/3 rpm vinyl recordings; since the medium used for the earlier format was virtually the same as the latter version (a disk on a turntable, played using a needle), [[phonographs]] continued to be built to play obsolete 78s for decades after the format was discontinued. Manufacturers have announced standard DVD releases well into 2009, and the format remains the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films, with some programs such as ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' requiring reediting and replacement of certain elements such as special effects in order to be better received in high-definition viewing. A DVD has a storage space of a minority to the blu-ray disc.<ref>[http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=24344 Kirk/Spock STAR TREK To Get All-New HD Spaceships]</ref>

== DVD consumer rights ==

''See full article: [[DVD Consumer Rights]]''

DVDs that have commercial movies and television content recorded on them are subject to [[copyright]]. The rise of [[filesharing]] and 'piracy', or [[copyright infringement]], has prompted many copyright owner to display notices on DVD packaging or displayed on screen when the content is played that warn consumers of the illegality of certain uses of the DVD.

Such notices do not always offer a reliable summary of DVD owners' [[rights|DVD Consumer Rights]].

Generally, retail buyers of commercial prerecorded DVDs are free to sell or exchange their property. Arrangements for renting and lending differ more by geography. In the US, the right to rent or lend out bought DVDs is protected  by the [[first-sale doctrine]] under the [[US Copyright Act|United States Copyright Act]]. In Europe, rental and lending rights are more limited, thanks to a 1992 European Directive which gives copyright holders broader powers to restrict the commercial renting and public lending of DVD copies of their work.

== See also ==
* [[DVD authoring]]
* [[DVD formats]]
* [[DVD region code]]
* [[DVD TV game]]s
* [[DVD-Video]]
* [[MiniDVD]]
* [[HDTV quality DVD Player]]
* [[DVD-RAM]]
* [[DVD Consumer Rights]]

== Notes ==

== References ==

{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite web |first=Hugh |last=Bennett |title=Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD |publisher=Optical Storage Technology Association |date=April 2004 |url=http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/ |accessdate=2006-12-17 }}
* Labarge, Ralph. ''DVD Authoring and Production''. Gilroy, Calif.: CMP Books, 2001. ISBN 1-57820-082-2.
* Taylor, Jim. ''DVD Demystified, 2nd edition''. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000. ISBN 0-07-135026-8.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikibooks|All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD}}
* [http://www.dvdcca.org/ DVD Copy Control Association and the Content Scramble System (CSS)]
* [http://www.burnworld.com/howto/articles/intro-to-dual-layer.htm Dual Layer Explained] â€“ Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process
* [http://www.newcyberian.com/dvd9rom.html Dual Layer DVD-9 Replication]
* [http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html DVD Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers)]
* [http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/downloads/PWJULY04hellmig.pdf DVDs: in the fast lane]
* [http://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/929.asp History of DVD technology] from the [[Consumer Electronics Association]]
* [http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/dvd.htm How Stuff Works - DVD]

[[Category:Computer storage media]]
[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:Video storage]]
[[Category:DVD]]
[[Category:120 mm discs]]
[[Category:consumer electronics]]
[[Category:1995 introductions]]
[[Category:Joint ventures]]

[[af:DVD]]
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[[lt:DVD]]
[[hu:DVD]]
[[mk:Ð”Ð¸Ð³Ð¸Ñ‚Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¾ Ð´Ð¸ÑÐº]]
[[ms:DVD]]
[[nah:VÄ«deocaquizcopÄ«nalÅni]]
[[nl:Dvd]]
[[ja:DVD]]
[[no:DVD]]
[[nn:DVD]]
[[pl:DVD]]
[[pt:DVD]]
[[ro:DVD]]
[[ru:DVD]]
[[sq:DVD]]
[[simple:DVD]]
[[sk:DVD]]
[[sl:DVD]]
[[sr:DVD]]
[[sh:DVD]]
[[fi:DVD]]
[[sv:DVD]]
[[tl:DVD]]
[[th:à¸”à¸µà¸§à¸µà¸”à¸µ]]
[[vi:ÄÄ©a DVD]]
[[tg:DVD]]
[[tr:DVD]]
[[uk:DVD]]
[[zh-yue:DVD]]
[[zh:DVD]]

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