Sarah Palin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Palin in Dover, New Hampshire, October 2008.
December 4, 2006
2003 – 2004
1996 – 2002
Wasilla, Alaska City Council
1992 – 1996
Business
Commercial fishing
Politician
More detailed articles about Sarah Palin:
McCain–Palin campaign, 2008
Governorship of Alaska, 2006–present
Mayoralty of Wasilla, 1996–2002
Public image and reception
Sarah Louise Heath Palin (pronounced /ˈpeɪlɪn/; born February 11, 1964) is the governor of the U.S. state of Alaska.
Palin was a member of the Wasilla, Alaska, city council from 1992 to 1996 and the city's mayor from 1996 to 2002. After an unsuccessful campaign for lieutenant governor of Alaska in 2002, she chaired the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission from 2003 to 2004. She was elected governor of Alaska in November 2006 by defeating Frank Murkowski, the incumbent governor, in the Republican primary, and then defeating Tony Knowles, a former two-term Democratic governor, in the general election. She is the first female governor of Alaska and the youngest person elected governor of that state.
Palin was the Republican Party's vice-presidential nominee for the 2008 United States presidential election together with Senator John McCain. The election was won by Democratic candidates Barack Obama and Joe Biden. Palin was the second female candidate and the first Alaskan candidate of either major party, as well as the first female vice-presidential nominee of the Republican Party.
Contents
Early life and education
Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, the third of four children of Sarah Heath (née Sheeran), a school secretary, and Charles R. Heath, a science teacher and track coach.[6][7] The family moved to Alaska when she was an infant. As a child, she sometimes went moose hunting with her father before school. The family regularly ran 5 km and 10 km races.[8]
Palin attended Wasilla High School in Wasilla, located 44 miles (71 km) north of Anchorage.[9] She was the head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes chapter at the school and the point guard and captain of the school's girls' basketball team that won the Alaska state championship in 1982.[8][10]
In 1982, she enrolled at Hawaii Pacific College, but left after her first semester. She transferred to North Idaho community college, where she spent two semesters as a general studies major. From there, she transferred to the University of Idaho for two semesters.[11][12] During this time Palin won the Miss Wasilla Pageant,[13][14] then finished third in the 1984 Miss Alaska pageant,[15][16] at which she won a college scholarship and the "Miss Congeniality" award.[8] Afterwards, Palin attended the Matanuska-Susitna community college in Alaska for one term. The next year she returned to the University of Idaho where she spent three semesters completing her Bachelor of Science degree in communications-journalism, graduating in 1987.[11][12]
In 1988, she worked as a sports reporter for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage, Alaska,[17] and for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman as a sports reporter.[18] She also helped in her husband’s commercial fishing family business.[19]
City council of Wasilla
- See also: Electoral history of Sarah Palin
Palin was elected twice to the city council of Wasilla, in 1992 and 1995. Wasilla city councillors serve three-year terms.[20] Palin says she entered politics because she was concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely.[21]
Palin's first foray into politics was in 1992, when the then 28-year-old ran for Wasilla city council against John Hartrick, a local telephone company worker.[22][23] She won 530 votes against John Hartrick’s 310.[22] On the council, she successfully opposed a measure to curtail the hours at Wasilla's bars by two hours. This surprised Hartrick because she was then a member of a church that advocated abstinence from alcohol.[22] After serving on the city council for three years, she ran for reelection against R’nita Rogers in 1995, winning 413 votes to Rogers' 185.[24]
According to Laura Chase of Wasilla, and former Wasilla mayor John Stein, Palin as city councilwoman mentioned to her colleagues in 1995 that she saw the book Daddy's Roommate in the public library and did not think that it belonged there. Chase later became Palin's campaign manager for mayor in 1996, when Palin defeated John Stein, but the two had a falling out and Chase is now a vocal critic of Palin.[25] City of Wasilla Library records indicate that there was never a request for the library to remove the book and that no books were ever censored or banned.[26] The McCain-Palin campaign says that Palin was not advocating censorship.[27]
Palin did not complete her second term on the city council because she ran for mayor in 1996. Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her career, Palin has been a registered Republican.[28]
Mayor of Wasilla
Palin served two three-year terms[29] (1996–2002) as the mayor of Wasilla. At the conclusion of Palin's tenure as mayor in 2002, the city had about 6,300 residents.[30] In 1996, Palin defeated three-term incumbent mayor John Stein,[31] on a platform targeting wasteful spending and high taxes.[8] Stein says that she introduced abortion, gun rights, and term limits as campaign issues.[32] Although the election was a nonpartisan blanket primary, the state Republican Party ran advertisements on her behalf.[32]
First term
Shortly after taking office in October 1996, Palin consolidated the position of museum director and asked for updated resumes and resignation letters from some top officials, including the police chief, public works director, finance director, and librarian.[33] Palin stated this request was to find out their intentions and whether they supported her.[33] She temporarily required department heads to get her approval before talking to reporters, saying that they first needed to become acquainted with her administration's policies.[33] She created the position of city administrator,[32] and reduced her own $68,000 salary by 10%, although by mid-1998 this was reversed by the city council.[34]
According to Wasilla librarian Mary Ellen Emmons, Palin inquired two or three times in October 1996 as to how Emmons would handle any request to remove books from the library.[35][36][37] John Stein, the former mayor of Wasilla and Palin's 1996 political opponent, said in September 2008 that Palin's "religious beliefs," and the concerns of some voters about language in the books, motivated her inquiries.[38] In December 1996, Palin said she had no books or other material in mind for removal.[37] No books were removed from the library,[35][39] and Palin stated in 2006 that she would not allow her personal religious beliefs to dictate her political positions.[40]
Palin fired Emmons and Police Chief Irl Stambaugh in January 1997, stating that she did not feel they fully supported her efforts to govern the city.[41] The next day, following expressions of public support for Emmons and a personal meeting, Palin rescinded the firing of Emmons, [35] stating that her concerns had been alleviated, and adding that Emmons agreed to support Palin's plan to merge the town's library and museum operations.[41] Stambaugh, who along with Emmons had supported Palin's opponent in the election,[39] filed a lawsuit alleging wrongful termination, violation of his contract, and gender discrimination. In the trial, the defense further alleged political reasons;[42] Stambaugh said that he had opposed a bill in the state legislature that Palin supported.[43] Governor Tony Knowles' Senate Journal entry announcing his veto of SB 177 mentioned the opposition of, among other parties, the City of Wasilla.[44] The federal judge who heard the case said in the decision that the police chief serves at the discretion of the mayor, and can be terminated for nearly any reason, even a political one, and dismissed Stambaugh's lawsuit[45] ordering Stambaugh to pay Palin's legal fees.[43]
Palin appointed[46]Charles Fannon to replace Stambaugh as police chief. Fannon later opposed a state law preventing police departments from billing rape victims or their health insurance for evidence collection kits.[47] Fannon said that the Wasilla police had sometimes billed victims' health insurance in the past; Stambaugh said that under his tenure the city had paid.[48] In 2008, Palin's spokeswoman stated that Palin “does not believe, nor has ever believed, that rape victims should have to pay for an evidence-gathering test.†and "Gov. Palin's position could not be more clear. To suggest otherwise is a deliberate misrepresentation of her commitment to supporting victims and bringing violent criminals to justice."[49]
During her first year in office, Palin kept a jar with the names of Wasilla residents on her desk, and once a week she pulled a name from it and picked up the phone; she would ask: "How's the city doing?"[39] Using income generated by a 2% sales tax that was enacted before she was elected to the city council,[50] Palin cut property taxes by 75% and eliminated personal property and business inventory taxes.[51][31] Tapping municipal bonds, she made improvements to the roads and sewers, and increased funding to the Police Department.[32] She also oversaw new bike paths and procured funding for storm-water treatment to protect freshwater resources.[31] At the same time, she reduced spending on the town museum and blocked construction of a new library and city hall.[31]
Palin ran for re-election against Stein in 1999 and won, with 74% of the vote.[52] She was also elected president of the Alaska Conference of Mayors.[53]
Second term
During her second term as mayor, Palin introduced a ballot measure proposing the construction of a municipal sports center to be financed by a 0.5% sales tax increase.[54] The $14.7 million Wasilla Multi-Use Sports Complex was built on time and under budget, but the city spent an additional $1.3 million because of an eminent domain lawsuit caused by the failure to obtain clear title to the property before beginning construction.[54] The city's long-term debt grew from about $1 million to $25 million through voter-approved indebtedness of $15 million for the sports complex, $5.5 million for street projects, and $3 million for water improvement projects. A city council member defended the spending increases as being caused by the city's growth during that time.[55]
Palin also joined with nearby communities in jointly hiring the Anchorage-based lobbying firm of Robertson, Monagle & Eastaugh to lobby for federal funds. The firm secured nearly $8 million in earmarked funds for the Wasilla city government, and another $19 million for other public and private entities in the Wasilla valley area.[56] Earmarks included $500,000 for a youth shelter, $1.9 million for a transportation hub, $900,000 for sewer repairs, and $15 million for a rail project linking Wasilla and the ski resort community of Girdwood.[57]Term limits prevented Palin from running for a third term as mayor in 2002.[29]
Post-mayoral years
In 2002, Palin ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor, coming in second to Loren Leman in a five-way Republican primary.[58] The Republican ticket of U.S. Senator Frank Murkowski and Leman won the November 2002 election. When Murkowski resigned from his long-held U.S. Senate seat in December 2002 to become governor, he considered appointing Palin to replace him in the Senate, but chose his daughter, Lisa Murkowski, who was then an Alaskan state representative.[59]
Governor Murkowski appointed Palin to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.[60] She chaired the Commission beginning in 2003, serving as Ethics Supervisor.[61] Palin resigned in January 2004, protesting what she called the "lack of ethics" of fellow Republican members.[8][62]
After resigning, Palin filed a formal complaint against Oil and Gas Conservation Commissioner Randy Ruedrich, also the chair of the state Republican Party,[63] accusing him of doing work for the party on public time and of working closely with a company he was supposed to be regulating. She also joined with Democratic legislator Eric Croft[64] to file a complaint against Gregg Renkes, a former Alaskan Attorney General,[65] accusing him of having a financial conflict of interest in negotiating a coal exporting trade agreement,[66] while Renkes was the subject of investigation and after records suggesting a possible conflict of interest had been released to the public.[67] Ruedrich and Renkes both resigned and Ruedrich paid a record $12,000 fine.[61][8]
From 2003 to June 2005, Palin served as one of three directors of "Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.," a 527 group designed to provide political training for Republican women in Alaska.[68] In 2004, Palin told the Anchorage Daily News that she had decided not to run for the U.S. Senate that year, against the Republican incumbent, Lisa Murkowski, because her teenage son opposed it. Palin said, "How could I be the team mom if I was a U.S. Senator?"[69]
Governor of Alaska
In 2006, running on a clean-government platform, Palin defeated incumbent Governor Frank Murkowski in the Republican gubernatorial primary.[70] Her running mate was State Senator Sean Parnell.
Despite being outspent by her Democratic opponent, she won the gubernatorial election in November, defeating former governor Tony Knowles by a margin of 48.3% to 40.9%.[8] Palin became Alaska's first female governor, and at the age of 42, the youngest governor in Alaskan history.[71] She is the state's first governor to have been born after Alaska achieved U.S. statehood, and the first not to be inaugurated in Juneau; she chose to have the ceremony held in Fairbanks instead. She took office on December 4, 2006, and has been very popular with Alaska voters. Polls taken in 2007 early in her term showed her with a 93% and 89% popularity among all voters,[72] which led some media outlets to call her "the most popular governor in America."[64][72] A poll taken in late September 2008 after Palin was named to the national Republican ticket showed her popularity in Alaska at 68%.[73]
Palin declared that top priorities of her administration would be resource development, education and workforce development, public health and safety, and transportation and infrastructure development.[71] She had championed ethics reform throughout her election campaign. Her first legislative action after taking office was to push for a bipartisan ethics reform bill. She signed the resulting legislation in July 2007, calling it a "first step", and declaring that she remained determined to clean up Alaska politics.[74]
Palin has sometimes broken with the state Republican establishment. For example, she endorsed Sean Parnell's bid to unseat the state's longtime at-large U.S. Representative, Don Young.[75] Palin has publicly challenged Senator Ted Stevens to come clean about the ongoing federal investigation into his financial dealings. Shortly before his July 2008 indictment, she held a joint news conference with Stevens, described by The Washington Post as needed "to make clear she had not abandoned him politically."[68]
Palin promoted oil and natural gas resource development in Alaska, including in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proposals to drill for oil in ANWR have been the subject of a national debate.[76]
In 2006, Palin obtained a passport[77] and in 2007 traveled for the first time outside of North America on a trip to Kuwait. There she visited the Khabari Alawazem Crossing at the Kuwait–Iraq border and met with members of the Alaska National Guard at several bases.[78] On her return trip to the U.S., she visited injured soldiers in Germany.[79]
Budget, spending, and federal funds
In June 2007, Palin signed a record $6.6 billion operating budget into law.[80] At the same time, she used her veto power to make the second-largest cuts of the construction budget in state history. The $237 million in cuts represented over 300 local projects, and reduced the construction budget to $1.6 billion.[81] In 2008, Palin vetoed $286 million, cutting or reducing funding for 350 projects from the FY09 capital budget.[82]
Palin followed through on a campaign promise to sell the Westwind II jet, a purchase made by the Murkowski administration for $2.7 million in 2005 against the wishes of the legislature.[83] In August 2007, the jet was listed on eBay, but the sale fell through, and the plane was later sold for $2.1 million through a private brokerage firm.[84]
Expense reimbursements
Palin lives in Juneau during the legislative session and lives in Wasilla and works out of offices in Anchorage the rest of the year. Since the office in Anchorage is far from Juneau, while she works there, state officials say she is legally entitled to a $58 per diem travel allowance, which she has taken (a total of $16,951), and to reimbursement for hotels, which she has not, choosing instead to drive about 50 miles to her home in Wasilla.[85] She also chose not to use the former governor's private chef.[86] Democrats criticized Palin for taking the per diem and $43,490 in travel expenses for the times her family accompanied her on state business.[87] In response, the governor's staffers said that these practices were in line with state policy, that Palin's gubernatorial expenses are 80% below those of her predecessor, Frank Murkowski,[87] and that "many of the hundreds of invitations Palin receives include requests for her to bring her family, placing the definition of 'state business' with the party extending the invitation."[85]
Federal funding
In her State of the State Address on January 17, 2008, Palin declared that the people of Alaska "can and must continue to develop our economy, because we cannot and must not rely so heavily on federal government [funding]."[88] Alaska's federal congressional representatives cut back on pork-barrel project requests during Palin's time as governor; despite this, in 2008 Alaska was still the largest per-capita recipient of federal earmarks, requesting nearly $750 million in special federal spending over a period of two years.[89]
While there is no sales tax or income tax in Alaska, state revenues doubled to $10 billion in 2008. For the 2009 budget, Palin gave a list of 31 proposed federal earmarks or requests for funding, totaling $197 million, to Alaska Senator Ted Stevens.[90] Palin’s decreasing support for federal funding has been a leading source of friction between herself and the state's congressional delegation; Palin has requested less in federal funding each year than her predecessor Frank Murkowski requested in his last year.[91]
Bridge to Nowhere and Knik Arm Bridge
- See also: Gravina Island Bridge and Knik Arm Bridge
- See also: Use of "Bridge to Nowhere" in 2008 campaign
In 2005, before Palin was elected governor, Congress passed a $442-million earmark for constructing two Alaska bridges as part of an omnibus spending bill. The Gravina Island Bridge was proposed to connect Ketchikan to sparsely populated Gravina Island where an international airport serves over 200,000 passengers per year and the existing ferry carries 400,000 passengers per year.[92] The Knik Arm Bridge (also known as "Don Young's Way" after Alaska's Congressman Don Young) was to provide an alternate link between heavily-populated Anchorage and Wasilla, 44 miles away.[93] The Gravina Island Bridge proposal became nicknamed the "Bridge to Nowhere" because of the island's population of fifty people.[92] More rarely, the term "Bridges to Nowhere" has been applied to both bridge proposals.[94] Critics of the two bridge proposals gave them national attention as symbols of pork-barrel spending, and Congress responded to the intense criticism by stripping the earmark from the bill before final passage in November 2005 and instead giving the $442 million to Alaska as transportation money with no strings attached.[92]
In 2006, Palin ran for governor with a "build-the-bridge" plank in her platform,[95] saying she would "not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project [...] into something that's so negative."[96] Palin criticized the use of the word "nowhere" as insulting to local residents[95][97] and urged speedy work on building the infrastructure "while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist."[97]
As governor Palin canceled the Gravina Island Bridge in September 2007, saying that Congress had "little interest in spending any more money" due to what she called "inaccurate portrayals of the projects."[98] She opted not to return the $442 million in federal transportation funds.[99] Palin maintained her support for a controversial highway on the bridgeless Gravina Island, committing $25 million in federal funds to the project saying through her spokesperson that it would open territory for development. Alaska state officials said if the money were not used for the road it would have had to have been returned to the federal government.[95] She also directed state officials to explore other ways to provide access to the island.[98]
Later, as a vice-presidential candidate, Palin characterized her position as having told Congress "thanks, but no thanks, on that bridge to nowhere." This angered some Alaskans in Ketchikan, who said that the claim was false and a betrayal of Palin's previous support for their community.[99] Meanwhile, some critics complained that this statement was misleading, since she had repeatedly expressed support for the spending project and even kept the Federal money after the project was canceled.[100] Palin continues to support the Knik Arm project.[93]
Gas pipeline
- See also: Alaska Gas Pipeline
In August 2008, Palin signed a bill authorizing the State of Alaska to award TransCanada Pipelines — the sole bidder to meet the state's requirements — a license to build and operate a pipeline to transport natural gas from the North Slope to the Continental United States through Canada.[101] The governor also pledged $500 million in seed money to support the project.[102] It is estimated that the project will cost $26 billion.[101]Newsweek described the project as "the principal achievement of Sarah Palin's term as Alaska's governor."[103] The pipeline faces legal challenges from Canadian First Nations (aboriginal peoples).[103]
Predator control
In 2007, Palin supported a 2003 Alaska Department of Fish and Game policy allowing the hunting of wolves from the air as part of a predator control program intended to increase moose and caribou populations for subsistence-food gatherers and other hunters.[104][105] In March 2007, Palin's office announced that a bounty of $150 per wolf would be paid to the 180 volunteer pilots and gunners, to offset fuel costs, in 5 areas of Alaska. 607 wolves had been killed in the prior four years. State biologists wanted 382 to 664 wolves killed by the end of the predator-control season in April 2007. Wildlife activists sued the state, and a state judge declared the bounty illegal on the basis that a bounty would have to be offered by the Board of Game and not by the Department of Fish and Game.[104][106]
Public Safety Commissioner dismissal
Palin dismissed Public Safety Commissioner Walt Monegan on July 11, 2008, citing performance-related issues, such as not being "a team player on budgeting issues."[107] Monegan said that he had resisted persistent pressure from the Governor, her husband, and her staff, including State Attorney General Talis Colberg, to fire Palin’s ex-brother-in-law, state trooper Mike Wooten; Wooten was involved in a child custody battle with Palin’s sister that included an alleged death threat against Palin's father.[108][109] Monegan stated he learned an internal investigation had found all but two of the allegations to be unsubstantiated, and Wooten had been disciplined for the others—an illegal moose killing and the tasering of an 11-year-old.[109] He told the Palins that there was nothing he could do because the matter was closed.[110] When contacted by the press for comment, Monegan first acknowledged pressure to fire Wooten but said that he could not be certain that his own firing was connected to that issue;[109] he later asserted that the dispute over Wooten was a major reason for his firing.[111] Palin stated on July 17 that Monegan was not pressured to fire Wooten, nor dismissed for not doing so.[107][110] Monegan's replacement resigned on July 25, amid charges of sexual harassment in his previous job.[112]
Legislative investigation
On August 1, the Republican-dominated[113]Alaska Legislature hired an investigator, Stephen Branchflower, to review the Monegan dismissal. Legislators stated that Palin had the legal authority to fire Monegan, but they wanted to know whether her action had been motivated by anger at Monegan for not firing Wooten.[114][115] The atmosphere was bipartisan and Palin pledged to cooperate.[114][115][116] After she ordered her own internal investigation, Palin stated on August 13 that "pressure could have been perceived to exist, although I have only now become aware of it."[117] Palin announced that officials had contacted Monegan or his staff about two dozen times regarding Wooten,[110] that she had only known about some of those contacts, that many of those contacts were appropriate, and that she had not fired Monegan because of Wooten,[118] who remained employed as a state trooper.[119] She placed an aide on paid leave due to one tape-recorded phone conversation that she deemed improper, in which the aide appeared to be acting on her behalf and complained to a trooper that Wooten had not been fired.[120]
Several weeks after the start of what the media referred to as "troopergate", Palin was chosen as John McCain's running mate.[115] In a news story published on September 2, the state senator running the investigation complained that Palin's hiring of private lawyers hampered the investigation, and suggested that the results of the investigation were "likely to be damaging to the Governor's administration."[121] On September 1, Palin asked the legislature to drop its investigation, saying that the state Personnel Board had jurisdiction over ethics issues.[122] The Personnel Board's three members were first appointed by Palin’s predecessor, and Palin reappointed one member in 2008.[123] On September 19, the Governor's husband and several state employees refused to honor subpoenas, the validity of which were disputed by Talis Colberg, Palin's appointee as Alaska's Attorney General.[124] On October 2, a court rejected Colberg's challenge to the subpoenas,[125] and seven of the witnesses, not including Sarah and Todd Palin, eventually testified.[126]
Branchflower Report
On October 10, 2008, the Alaska Legislative Council unanimously voted to release, without endorsing,[127] the Branchflower Report, in which Stephen Branchflower found that firing Monegan "was a proper and lawful exercise of her constitutional and statutory authority," but that Palin abused her power as governor and violated the state's Executive Branch Ethics Act when her office pressured Monegan to fire Wooten .[128] The report stated that "Governor Palin knowingly permitted a situation to continue where impermissible pressure was placed on several subordinates in order to advance a personal agenda, to wit: to get Trooper Michael Wooten fired."[129] The report also said that Palin "permitted Todd Palin to use the Governor's office [...] to continue to contact subordinate state employees in an effort to find some way to get Trooper Wooten fired."[129][130]
On October 11, Palin's attorneys responded, condemning the Branchflower Report as "misleading and wrong on the law";[131] one, Thomas Van Flein, said that it was an attempt to "smear the governor by innuendo."[132] Van Flein further argues that Branchflower's findings are flawed because Palin received "no monetary benefit" from her actions.